Governments, academics, and journalists often express an interest in cross-national crime comparisons, particularly
between Canada and the United States. This interest stems from the desire to discover causal explanations for
crime and to develop more effective criminal justice and social policies (Archer & Gartner 1984; Howard, Newman,
Pridemore 2000). Unfortunately, methodological complexities have placed considerable barriers to such comparisons.
Differences between national data sources, both for police reported and victimization surveys, have hampered
accurate comparisons. Despite these divergent national data collection systems, the tendency has been to compare
crime rates between countries with little or no attention to these limitations. Recently, the proliferation of the Internet
has led to the growth in this type of misinformation.
Recognizing the methodological hurdles, along with the benefits of comparing crime rates between Canada and
the United States, the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics has undertaken the task of assessing the feasibility of
comparing police reported statistics between Canada and the United States. This report, which represents the first
step of this study, compares and contrasts the specific offence definitions, classification, and scoring rules between
the Canadian and American Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) surveys. Where applicable, this discussion notes
modifications that could allow for reliable cross-national comparisons.
Official crime statistics also have general limitations. Many crimes are never reported to or detected by police and
consequently, police reported data under-estimates the amount of crime, especially for highly unreported crimes
such as sexual assault. National household victimization surveys, including the American National Crime Victimization
Survey (NCVS) and the Canadian General Social Survey (GSS), can estimate the amount of unreported crimes by
capturing both offences that have been reported to police and those that have gone unreported. While the rate of
reportability may vary for each country, the different survey designs prevent direct comparison between Canada
and the United States. Despite this inability, it is reasonably safe to assume that the rate of reportability is similar
between the two countries (Ouimet 1999). Moreover, data from the International Crime Victimization Survey (1990)
suggests that Canadian and American reporting patterns tend to be constant for certain crimes, namely burglary
and robbery.
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Reporting by police to the UCR surveys is another factor influencing police reported crime rates. Although it is
impossible to estimate its effect, it is important to recognize the jurisdictional variations in the decision to record
reported crimes as actual or unfounded offences.