There are, perhaps, thirteen to fifteen million Jews in a world of six billion people. Jews are so few in number that in a room of 1,000 people representing the world's population, only two would be Jewish. A comparable sample from the United States would count only twenty-two Jews among 1,000 representative Americans.
In the sciences, Jews have won 22 percent of all the Nobel Prizes ever awarded - 29 percent of the prizes since 1950, after the Holocaust destroyed a third of their numbers. Given their small population, Jews should have earned only one of the 502 Nobels awarded for physics, chemistry, medicine and physiology. They have won 123.
The Fields Medal, awarded to the world's brightest mathematicians under age 40, is the honor John Nash, of the book and movie A Beautiful Mind had hoped to win. Instead, he took a Nobel Prize in economics as a consolation prize. One-fourth of the Fields Medals winners are Jews.
Encyclopedia Britannica provides its list of "Great Inventions." Of the 267 individual inventors, more than 13 were Jews, including Zoll (the defibrillator and the pacemaker), Land (instant photography), Gabor (holography), and Ginsburg (videotape). Jews are represented on the list 22 times more than one would expect based on their population.
They are disproportionately counted in most of the arts. Since their respective dates of inception, America's leading symphony orchestras have been led by Jewish conductors one-third of the time. They have created nearly two-thirds of Broadway's longest running musicals. Probably one-fourth of the greatest photographers of all time have been Jews, as have 10 percent of the world's great master architects. Of movie directors who earned Oscars, 38 percent were Jews. In broad artistic recognition, nearly 30 percent of the Kennedy Center honors and 13 percent of the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Awards have gone to them.
As "People of the Book," the sobriquet Mohammed used to describe them, it is perhaps not surprising Jews have earned 11 percent of the Nobel prizes for literature and 20 percent of the Pulitzer Prizes for nonfiction. Their outpouring of books, screenplays, and newspaper and magazine articles is prodigious.
In education, it is difficult to name an academic discipline in which they have not played a leading role. Certainly Jews have been seminal thinkers in philosophy (Spinoza, Maimonides, Marx), deconstruction (Derrida), economics (Marx, Ricardo, Friedman, Samuelson, Becker, Kuznets), physics (Einstein, Bohr, Gell-Mann, Feynman, Szilard), mathematics (Von Neumann, Mandelbrot, Fefferman, Zelmanov, Erdos), chemistry (Heeger, Kohn, Kroto, Olah), linguistics (Chomsky), paleontology (Gould), medicine (Flexner, Chain, Goldstein and Brown, Salk, Sabin, Prusiner), law (Brandeis, Cardozo, Frankfurter, Tribe, Dershowitz), anthropology (Boas), psychiatry and psychology (Freud, Adler, Erikson, Fromm, Rapaport, Maslow), sociology (McClelland, Riesman, Glazer, Lipset), and many other fields. Their research and teaching helped shape entire disciplines. They head three of the eight Ivy League schools (down from four several years ago), and Jewish students are 21 percent of all Ivy League students. Any review of the lists of faculty of most schools will evidence a disproportionate number of Jewish teachers. They are, for example, roughly 30 percent of the faculty of the Harvard, Stanford, and Yale law schools.
In politics, they are 11 percent of the United States Senate and 6 percent of the House of Representatives. They were 42 percent of the 100 largest political donors to the 2000 election cycle, and since 1917, when Judge Louis Brandeis was appointed, 17 percent of Supreme Court justices have been Jews. They now hold two of the nine positions.
As economists they are gifted. They have earned 38 percent of all Nobel Prizes for economics and 67 percent of the John Clarke Bates Medals for promising economists under age 40. They were instrumental in the creation of the Federal Reserve System and have headed it for twenty-five of the last thirty-five years.
In philanthropy, a December 2004 Business Week listing of America's fifty most generous benefactors included at least nineteen Jewish families and individuals. Their charitable donations totaled nearly $10 billion over less than five years. More than 90 percent of their donations went to secular causes in support of education, health care and medicine, arts, culture, and the humanities. It is remarkable that 38 percent of America's most philanthropic people come from a group representing only 2 percent of its population.
Much of the wealth behind that philanthropy came from success as entrepreneurs. In that role, Jews created whole new industries and hold leading positions in many other companies. Increasingly, they also occupy the corner office as CEOs of some of America's largest and most important companies. Of the 2003 CEOs of Fortune's 100 largest companies, 10 to 15 percent are Jews. Of Fortune's 2003 list of the twenty-five most powerful people in business, six (24 percent) are Jews. Of the thirty entrepreneurs included in the 2004 Fortune "America's 40 Richest Under 40," at five of the top ten are Jewish as are 23 percent of the Forbes 400.
Jews pioneered the ready-to-wear garment industry and, in 1885, owned all but seven of New York's 241 garment factories. Names like Levi Straus, Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein, and Donna Karan are just a few contemporary representatives of that legacy. Of the four pioneers of prestige cosmetics - Helena Rubenstein, Elizabeth Arden, Est'e Lauder, and Charles Revson - only Elizabeth Arden was not Jewish. More than half of America's department stores were started or run by Jews including such greats as Macy's, Federated, May Company, Bloomingdale's, Filene's, Saks, Abraham & Straus, Neiman Marcus, Bergdorf Goodman, Sears, and, in London, Marks & Spencer.
In specialty retailing, major chains such as Gap Stores, Limited, Mervyn's, Barneys, Men's Warehouse, Home Depot, Ritz Camera, Bed Bath & Beyond are just a few of the Jewish creations. In television retailing, both QVC and Home Shopping were largely shaped by Jews. The world's foremost demonstration salesman, Ron Popeil, uses television to sell products he invented. In diamonds, De Beers and the Lev Leviev Group are the dominant forces in the worldwide diamond trade, while Zales, Helzbergs, Whitehall, and Friedman's are among the leading diamond and jewelry retailers.
We drink our Starbucks coffee and have sipped Seagrams wines and distilled spirits. The Dove Bar, H'agen-Dazs, Ben & Jerry's and Baskin-Robbins ice cream lead to our later signing up for Weight Watchers, Jenny Craig, and Nutri-System programs or buying Slim-Fast in the supermarket. All these companies were founded by Jewish entrepreneurs.
We may lounge in our Fairmont, Loews, Hyatt, Helmsley or Wynn hotel, or cruise on any of the seventy-three ships of Carnival or twenty-eight of Royal Caribbean. These companies were founded or largely shaped by Jews.
Every major Hollywood studio except United Artists was created by Jews, as were NBC and CBS. Of the three original television networks, only ABC was not started by a Jew, but Leonard Goldenson bought it seven years after its founding and ran it for forty-five years. Viacom and Comcast were largely created by two Jewish families, while Steve Ross and Gerald Levin played critical roles at Time Warner.
Jews were generally not allowed to own real estate outside the ghetto for the better part of 1,800 years. They have compensated by becoming a major force in development and management of property all over the world. Of the five largest Real Estate Investment Trusts listed by Forbes magazine in May 2002, four were headed by Jews.
Charles Murray's book, Human Accomplishment, looks at those who achieved excellence in the arts and sciences from 800 BC to 1950. He devotes part of that book to what he calls the "astounding" disproportionate representation of Jews among history's great figures. Following "the Jewish Emancipation" (which he dates from 1790 to 1870), he measures the representation of Jews among the 1,277 great historical figures between 1870 and 1950. Based on their percentage of the population, he says 28 should have been Jews. "The actual number was at least 158." His observation is corroborated in other listings of "history's greats." Michael Hart's book, The 100 ' A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History, counts eight Jews among the 100 (Jesus, St. Paul, Einstein, Marx, Moses, Freud, Pincus, and Bohr). This is 35 times what one would expect.