I don't know all that much, but here is a stab:
So, the court decision today regarding net neutrality left me thinking about some things - but I'm pretty clueless when it comes to existing/future technology - so I've decided to turn to the geniuses here at WF to enlighten me.
Many of the world's problems today are a direct result of the centralization of power.
Your are right. But there is a flip side. The centralization of power also created the wonders you see. Internet? Yeah, it was developed in the US, the central power of the world, and by Academia/Government. The very fact that we can interconnect was thanks in great part to the standardization of the TPC/IP protocol. Cell phones? Microwave? Mostly military breakthroughs allowed for this. Satellites? Gov. If you notice a common trait, all these were created thanks to the centralization of power. Resources would not be available for this kind of shit if the world was made up of 1000s of competing powers, each with low budget, each very equally matched, and each constantly fighting each other.
So while you decry the centralization of power, you are doing so over a medium developed in great measure thanks to the centralization of power. Nothing good comes without something bad, and nothing bad comes without something good. You can't eat your cake and have it at the same time.
For example, if the internet was somehow decentralized we wouldn't have to worry about ISP's/States trying to impose their will on it. It would be impossible to shut down.
Not exactly. Decentralized makes a harder target but not an impossible one. Bitcoin can be taken down given enough computing power is thrown at it.
You are forgetting the state has:
1- For practical matters of competition, unlimited resources
2- The ability to put you in jail if you don't obey
They don't even need to use the law. There is no law as far as I'm concerned in the criminal code that says you must file income taxes. But you do it because you don't want to be loved tenderly by bubba in an 8x10
The same goes for energy.
Plenty of people are energy independent. The problem isn't that it can or can't be. The problem is that the benefits of joining centralized systems for 99.999% of people far outweigh the negatives.
Imagine that a new battery was invented, it could store enough energy from a day of sunlight to power a house for a year or drive car for 200,000 miles - and it was cheap enough that everyone could afford one.
It would not be that cheap. The reason is energy is a price inelastic commodity. So if it came out, those who control the current energy markets can purchase any new start up, and either retain it, or release it in such a way that they have control over its production (like nuclear energy, where economically retrievable uranium is in the hands of a few)
Oil companies would be irrelevant as far as energy production is concerned. Utility companies would disappear.
Nope and nope. They would change their business model, but they have enough weight to basically purchase any newcomers/lobby them out of existence.
You don't seem to understand why wars happen. It is because of power. Controlling energy is a manifestation of that. But there will always be power struggles.
Think of nation states like a pack of wolves. The Alfa eats first (USA in our world). He has established himself as Alfa based on previous conflic (think WW2) - But the other second and 3rd strongest wolves will constantly challenge the Alfa in small skirmishes to see if they can take his spot (Syria) - The Alfa fights over food because it is food, yes, but the real underlying thing is that he wants to maintain Alfa status, and that has more benefits than just eating first.
So my questions are about the technology of decentralization...
1. The Internet.
I'm pretty surprised that we still have the internet as we know it. You can put a website up and start selling goods and collecting payments in like an hour. No licensing fees to own a domian, or collect payments.
Icahn fees don't exist? Payment processing costs don't exist?
Yes, they aren't high, yet, but they are there. And have been for a long time.
but right now the barrier to entry is zero, and I'd like to keep it that way.
The barrier to entry to make a living is low. But not to set up a scalable, highly profitable business. Much lower than Brick and Mortar yes, but that has to do with consolidation and the fact that it is nascent market.
That is as far as I can answer (some of your other questions I'm clueless about too, others, are repetitive based on the answers provided.